sulla primary sources

Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Archives; Correspondence was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Click the title for location and availability information. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Updated on October 07, 2019. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Learning in Black and White. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . N.S. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. Find these with these special Subject terms. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. He can hardly have been in any doubt. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Copyright statement. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Making of America. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Roman military leaders. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Examples include journal articles, reviews . Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city.

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