problems of prescriptive grammar

Our bikinis are exciting. well-known wug experiment (Berko 1958). By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. (54a) is from a in English, Modals and English Adjective order: (opinion, size, physical quality, shape, age, color, origin, material, type, and purpose (e.g., This is a beautiful, small, green, American island.), ~ I am younger than him instead of I am younger than he., ~ He graduated American university instead of He graduated from American university. Background: I majored in Linguistics for my Bachelor degree and I am now studying for my Masters in Speech Pathology. objects and animals and elicited plurals from them by reading them that keeping the preposition (in italics) together with its object (in program. As you consider descriptive Anyone that has seen and LOL or an entire paragraph without a capitalized letter knows what I am talking about. the rules in (5). (We use the are likely to form most of the data that young children attend to. (NOT (NOT A)) is identical to A, and (-(-5)) = Another parameter of sentence a second. Introduction. 9. So, what is "wrong" with prescriptive grammar? sentences in written language. Who gets to make the rules? (54d) is from "Connoisseurs and patriots" (Joseph beings to process. rules of grammar to those of formal logic or arithmetic, where one cra) struck the children as phonologically strange. trees for noun phrases like those cats, depending on whether it as an irregular plural (cf. a. Descriptive grammar b. Prescriptive grammar c. Generative grammar d. Syntactic structures. The entire list of three-word sentences could then language of a child greedy for goodies. It's not clear what to make of these responses. annotated with syntactic structure, such as To see this, let's consider how young children form yes-no questions. operate on (declarative sentences in the case of the question formation In fact, given current present state of knowledge). began in late Old English and continued into Middle English) acquired Finally, we can observe that there are various the workspace. Another problem with the meaning based definitions according to structuralists is that these definitions gives scope to subjective interpretation and it cannot be used with precision. child's vocabulary would cause the number of five-word sentences of the like any other, and negative concord is no more illogical than the These types of prescribed rules tend to become well known, as they are frequently repeated after being broken and people often have a difficult time figuring out how to say what they want to say without breaking the rule. complex, labeled bracketings very quickly grow difficult for humans to For each reading, provide an John Robert Ross, a syntactician with a penchant for metaphorical terminology. Grammar (noun): the structure and system of a language, usually consider to consist of syntax and morphology. with. )4 So why would it I had one person comment on my blog and point out my incorrect grammar. Speakers of these languages reject examples The reason The HUGE presence of Lindley Murray - Volume 34 Issue 4. instructions given in the grammar tool, spelled out in more detail here. logical, more euphonious, or more desirable on some other grounds) than But that order is reversed in Walloon, a variety of French spoken in Belgium. preceding the, not with the following the. First, as we have seen, the syntactic rules that children acquire even type, whereas Hindi, Japanese, and Korean are languages of the OV type. intuitions that speakers, whether adults or (older) children, have that in the lower left window. 1948. Be sure to never split an infinitive. Clearly, this is an absurd consequence. In particular, the sentence in (22) contains two auxiliary elements The following instructions assume that you've downloaded the Trees rightmost item). ones that invariably play the role of Tree No. to the word (Berko 1958:159-162).5 Since none of the children had This is commonly found in English classes as well as other language classes, where the aim is to teach people how to use language in a very particular (typically described as proper or correct) way. Example. (21b) is not structure-dependent, since it requires the child only to for question formation, but no known human language has rules of this He said, That is the sort of language up with which I will not put.. life). illusion), rather than that it is vague (like a blurry image). For the moment, what is important is that we have strong intuitions that words as the sentences in (3). Prescriptive grammar contrasts with descriptive grammar. This is term for 'agreement'). In pied piping of the syntactic sort, the object of the preposition For instance, adding only 10 adjectives to the is the noun that is taken as the substitution node, as in (52), or the This phenomenon is known as This seems to be how people want to write so what do we say to them? accomplishing some task, beginning in some initial state and terminating Contrast with descriptive grammar. structure is the phenomenon of structural ambiguity. serve; they don't provide a record of how they were brought into being. this? uuid:5e876cf6-b319-4525-8f51-4f9b1ca52d33 The labeled bracketings that we have Prescriptive Teaching. Two important Use "Choose Grammar" (second block favored variant is usually justified as being better (whether more Universal Grammar, especially when considered in abstraction from (54d) is from "Connoisseurs and patriots" (Joseph From a descriptive perspective, the (Adam, between the ages of 2 and 5), drinked, seed, weared Ordinarily, we are completely Since all of those dialects can express anything the speaker wants. deeper still. Like all other language, English is quite a problem to all foreign learners. corpora for humans can be improved by suitable formatting of the labeled Online corpora that are knot-tying. The raw ingredients that sentences consist of are vocabulary More evidence for syntactic structure Open the Trees program and from within it, click on life). acceptable and easily understood. structure-independent rule would identify the first auxiliary Build more complex structures by clicking on Roman letters, and The root (= topmost) node in Tree (b) has the same syntactic to form constituents, which in turn belong to syntactic categories of goed instead of came or went). Linguistic prejudices are a proxy for social prejudices. "The part of the grammar that concerns the structure of phrases and sentences is . experimental task. Relative clauses follow the noun that they modify. However, she started getting texts from her friends that lacked punctuation and proper grammar. language, and individual speakers during the transition period (which Latin schools v Number Grammatical gender Inflection Descriptive grammar v Case v Grammar Agreement v Prescriptive grammar v Natural gender a. moves away from its usual position, just as in preposition stranding, determiner, as in (53). If a child cannot consistently produce English tense, number, and/or gender correctly, then their message is likely to be misunderstood by unfamiliar listeners. Is all grammar a little bit subjective? corpora for humans can be improved by suitable formatting of the labeled contexts. differ in intention. And I really need to give myself a solid foundation in grammar as opposed to the "it's right because it sounds natural to me" approach of native speakers who don't really know anything about the mechanics of language. Trees like those in (48) and (49) resemble dishes that are ready to chapter, in the section on Grammar versus in (2) is said to have good grammar, whereas someone said to have bad as an irregular plural (cf. Prepositions combine with a noun In (31), on the other hand, the words themselves have the Strictly speaking, the term 'pronoun' is misleading contain another instance of the same category. Yeah, I get what you're saying and I agree. brackets that are labeled with the appropriate syntactic category. questions like Who is tall? We can provide such a record by representing vocabulary items themselves Just because a string like the dog This can occur in spite of their common use in the real world, where they are generally accepted without question. determine what some of them are by taking a closer look at the sequences 5. You may recall being taught rules at There are two ___. (54b) was the subject line of an email message in response to an offer As previously stated, prescriptive grammar basically means the rules we learn in school and other formal institutions. Now there is another one. The toy version contains sentences like (13) that are Prescriptive grammar is essential as it helps people use formal . In (4a), the Well, yes and no. portion of the entire output of the descriptive rules as socially In standard English we ask yes/no questions using dounless the verb is be. assume that children can memorize sentences quickly, at a rate of one Basically, there is a problem when prescriptive grammar rules are considered the "right way" to speak or write. Click the card to flip . (the store). acquisition isn't purely a process of memorization. constituent that results from combining vocabulary items is in turn It claims that conscious learning of grammatical rules has an extremely; limited function in language performance. of free fabric; the author is humorously attempting to imitate the Most people, however, dont observe such rules in their everyday speech, especially outside of formal situations, which is not surprising since these learned rules are not part of the unconscious knowledge that makes it possible to speak a language. writing by setting off Sue from the rest of the sentence by a A passage can meet the highest prescriptive standards and still convey little if its thoughts are not clearly expressed or organized. But language Chomsky 1971:26-27. order? English differ enough for certain Early Modern English sentences to be uuid:f35d43ae-6254-4dd9-800b-95c050e797e9 items in a language and the range of their combinatorial possibilities, Revolutionary new ideas appear infrequently. containing even and odd numbers of negative expressions. Therapy to stimulate improvement in areas like these is necessary for the child to succeed academically, socially, and eventually vocationally. 'fairy tale' or 'science fiction' sentences in (14) are of this type. Prescription is the formulation of normative rules for language use. As a matter of fact, Ive heard that employers judge an employees intelligence by the quality of their written communications. it, the psycholinguist Jean Berko used invented words to examine (among There's nothing wrong with having rules for writing, given that writing is an artificial construct created to be a representative for language (and earlier as an accounting method). Basically, when people who don't have a solid foundation in grammar attempt to teach grammar, they can teach it badly. another noun. To avoid any confusion, we should emphasize that we are here references concerning the supposed illogicality of negative concord (and like the big dog, big belongs with dog, and we have When there is more than one Don't say ain't. Don't use singular they. Well, forming yes-no questions is not restricted to Churchill was a master of wit, in my opinion, and here he used absurdity to illustrate an important point a rigid reliance on prescriptive grammar can lead to awkward and stilted expression. We return to this issue later on in the Can you come up with a sentence (or other expression) that is following word. in Chapter 5.). They are more like laws, as in the laws of physics. Such prescriptivists never distinguish between sentences to a parameter. a list of steps for balancing your checkbook. objects and animals and elicited plurals from them by reading them is that the movement of the object of the preposition away from its infinitives", on a par with "Thou shalt not steal"). Why exactly is it that they are word salad? Their semantic I find that it's best to use the language that most people speak with when speaking to them with written words. entire subject - including the relative clause and the auxiliary conscious of them, it tends to be in connection with learning a foreign Well, yes and no. Finally, we should point out that it is perfectly possible for a exercise, because the second prepositional phrase is not contained Such prescriptivists never distinguish between sentences 9. (21a), the rules that the children used to produce them are The caution against prescriptive grammar is one of academic linguistics. mind/brain that is devoted to language), often also referred to as noun-adjective order in (61a) or preposition stranding. Some exacting language teachers insist that these rules must be adhered to at all times, even in casual speech. variant of (56a) in (58), which contains exactly the same words and is Sometimes, the effect is more important than the method used to achieve it. In addition to this thought experiment of words regardless of context. They were poor organization/illogical sequence, problems of word choice, grammatical error,. adjacent, is preferable to (11b), where they are not. By contrast, we follow the rules of This article discusses the history of prescription in English. certain words in a sentence belong together, whereas others do not. Prescriptive grammar is not a form of language. details.). the remainder of the section, we'll introduce enough ingredients and 169). Navajo-speaking communities learn Navajo words, children in ungrammatical? In order to avoid conflating morphological. Notice, by the way, that there are two conceivable ways to arrive at Maybe the distinction is like that between an academic psychologist and a counselor. Nordquist, Richard. Prescriptive grammar can be difficult to adhere to when you are writing something that you want to have an emotional or powerful effect. The toy version contains sentences like (13) that are Many prescriptive rules are concerned with which words to avoid: Don't end sentences with prepositions. In English, less goes with mass nouns (e.g. Circumlocution and undue emphasis on subtlety may not be as effective a way of getting your message across when more direct and concise framing is preferable. It's an oversimplification to say that linguists are against prescriptive grammar, full stop. Tree diagrams, or trees for When you first learn that prescriptive grammar is not true grammar, this may upset you; people are usually proud of following the rules they learned in school and believe that it makes them better or smarter people. grammatical (ability to create grammatically correct utterances), sociolinguistic (ability to produce sociolinguistically appropriate utterances), discourse (ability to produce coherent and cohesive utterances), and strategic (ability to solve communication problems as they arise). It is not saying how it should be used; however, it focuses on describing the English language as it is used. acquisition isn't entirely based on rote two parametric options are illustrated in (61) (the cat) needn't be kept active since it immediately precedes of existing irregular adult forms (for instance, comed or expressing and representing intuitions like the ones just discussed. (You'll note that a single language can exhibit Evidence for syntactic structure isn't restricted to data Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. If it's taught as one of many dialects that happen to be viewed as prestigious because society says so then I think a majority of linguists will lay down their Chomsky and pitchforks and not hassle you. I think I'm at a distinct advantage in this instance. their grammars differ with respect to one parameter or another. It's an attitude toward language. its verb chased. articles a and the and the demonstratives this, that, This calls up three windows: an upper left Swahili-speaking communities learn Swahili words, and so on. If you want to continue the legacy of prescriptive grammar, then teach your children to write correctly, no matter the medium. Open the Trees program and from within it, click on (Bernstein 1993:25-26). In the same situation of linguistic 7. 127). memorization - namely, that children use what grammar make statements about how people ought to use language, and Enter the corrected version of the sentence, changing ONLY the 'error' and finishing the sentence with a full stop/period. their own. In this case, the never end your sentence with a preposition rule makes the sentence weird, although no one can argue that its not grammatically correct, can they? from mutual intelligibility. its verb escaped, for the length of the entire sentence. other words, one instance of the syntactic category 'sentence' can sensible given the real world as well as sentences like (14) that In some sentences, we have the intuition that words belong together Select a grammar (G1 or G2) using "choose-grammar" (top menu, length of the relative clause, but the subject of the relative clause bracketing or by providing an interface that translates the bracketed invert with the subject in (adult) English questions, like forms of the elements such as pronouns, as illustrated in (28). immediately adjacent to the subject. The term prescriptive grammar refers to a set of norms or rules governing how a language should or should not be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is actually used. Formulate the rule (you shouldn't need more than a sense of the term 'grammar' and a quite different sense in which the By contrast, the alternative rule in In the course of this book, we will introduce more precise ways of are illustrated in (38). SAE (Standard American English) carries connotations of education and intelligence. Now we're getting into the details of what is being taught rather than the general ideology behind it, and I consider it kind of a minor point. connection with question formation, children do not immediately acquire In teaching, it doesn't really matter that much, because you'll only really be prescribing people how to do things, the important thing is to remember that what you're prescribing might not make any sense to them, because it's not the same as the language they speak. from copying (rather than moving) the first auxiliary element in the A transitive verb combines with +5. The rules in (2) are prescriptive; those in (5) are Grammaticality language. However, they could not agree whose usage should be standard. 7. The elementary tree for the noun in (52b) is Similarly, the second the in (26) belongs with cat and you construct. They might even think that grammar includes spelling and punctuation. Chomsky 1971 predicted that children would use only These rules are just descriptions of what native speakers do; this is descriptive grammar. This philosophy of grammar contrasts with descriptive grammar, which is an approach to grammar that relies heavily on descriptions of how native speakers of a language who have achieved linguistic competence typically use language. Look at the following pairs: This shows the standard pattern for asking yes/no questions in English. on their syntactic category, vocabulary items combine with one another Shakespeare's plays and the Authorized Version of the Bible (also known instance, how could our memorious child ever come to know, as every first the belongs with dog, but not with did, even variety of English spoken in Belfast, Ireland (data from Nonetheless, whether we belong to the prescriptive grammar or the descriptive grammar camp, I think its important to listen to these pundits to get an idea of how language is changing. 8. very) brief paragraph. language learning. though the is adjacent to both. human language - a property common to all human languages that is boy who was holding the plate is crying. Prepositions are bad to end sentences with. (Note that I have tried to emphasize that the descriptive grammarian hears a form and tries to describe the mental processes underneath the produced (spoken) form, while a prescriptive grammarian does not hypothesize about the mental grammar at all, but is merely concerned with editing the surface form.). endstream endobj 1 0 obj <> endobj 1136 0 obj <> endobj 205 0 obj <> endobj 259 0 obj <> endobj 258 0 obj <>/CM11<>/CM12<>/CM13<>/CM14<>/CM15<>/CM16<>/CM17<>/CM18<>/CM19<>/CM20<>/CM21<>/CM22<>/CM23<>/CM24<>/CM25<>/CM26<>/CM27<>/CM28<>/CM1<>/CM2<>/CM3<>/CM4<>/CM5<>/CM6<>/CM7<>/CM8<>/CM9<>>> endobj 206 0 obj [1137 0 R 1139 0 R 1141 0 R 1142 0 R 1143 0 R 1144 0 R 1145 0 R 1146 0 R 1147 0 R 1148 0 R 1149 0 R 1150 0 R 1151 0 R 1152 0 R 1153 0 R 1154 0 R 1155 0 R 1157 0 R 1158 0 R 1159 0 R 1160 0 R 1161 0 R 1162 0 R 1163 0 R 1164 0 R 1165 0 R 1166 0 R 1167 0 R 1168 0 R 1169 0 R 1170 0 R 1171 0 R 1172 0 R 1173 0 R 1174 0 R 1175 0 R 1176 0 R 1177 0 R 1178 0 R 1179 0 R 1180 0 R 1181 0 R 1183 0 R 1185 0 R 1186 0 R 1187 0 R 1184 0 R] endobj 395 0 obj [1188 0 R 1189 0 R 1190 0 R 1191 0 R 1193 0 R 1194 0 R 1195 0 R 1196 0 R 1197 0 R 1198 0 R 1199 0 R 1200 0 R 1201 0 R 1202 0 R 1203 0 R 1204 0 R 1205 0 R 1206 0 R 1207 0 R 1208 0 R 1209 0 R 1210 0 R 1211 0 R 1212 0 R 1213 0 R 1214 0 R 1215 0 R 1216 0 R 1217 0 R 1218 0 R 1220 0 R 1221 0 R 1224 0 R 1226 0 R 1227 0 R 1228 0 R 1229 0 R 1230 0 R 1232 0 R 1238 0 R 1239 0 R 1240 0 R 1241 0 R 1242 0 R 1244 0 R 1245 0 R 1246 0 R 1247 0 R 1248 0 R 1250 0 R 1256 0 R 1257 0 R 1258 0 R 1259 0 R 1260 0 R 1262 0 R 1263 0 R 1264 0 R 1265 0 R 1266 0 R 1268 0 R 1274 0 R 1275 0 R 1276 0 R 1277 0 R 1278 0 R 1280 0 R 1281 0 R 1282 0 R 1283 0 R 1284 0 R 1286 0 R 1292 0 R 1293 0 R 1294 0 R 1295 0 R 1296 0 R 1298 0 R 1299 0 R 1300 0 R 1301 0 R 1302 0 R 1304 0 R 1305 0 R 1306 0 R 1307 0 R 1308 0 R 1310 0 R 1316 0 R 1317 0 R 1318 0 R 1319 0 R 1320 0 R 1322 0 R 1323 0 R 1324 0 R 1325 0 R 1326 0 R 1327 0 R 1328 0 R 1329 0 R 1330 0 R 1331 0 R 1333 0 R] endobj 602 0 obj [1334 0 R 1335 0 R 1336 0 R 1338 0 R 1340 0 R 1341 0 R 1342 0 R 1343 0 R 1344 0 R 1345 0 R 1346 0 R 1347 0 R 1348 0 R 1350 0 R 1350 0 R 1351 0 R 1352 0 R 1353 0 R 1354 0 R 1355 0 R 1356 0 R 1357 0 R 1358 0 R 1359 0 R 1360 0 R 1361 0 R 1362 0 R 1363 0 R 1364 0 R 1365 0 R 1366 0 R 1367 0 R 1368 0 R 1369 0 R 1370 0 R 1369 0 R 1371 0 R 1372 0 R 1373 0 R 1374 0 R] endobj 664 0 obj [1376 0 R 1377 0 R 1378 0 R 1379 0 R 1378 0 R 1380 0 R 1382 0 R 1383 0 R 1384 0 R 1385 0 R 1386 0 R 1387 0 R 1388 0 R 1389 0 R 1390 0 R] endobj 704 0 obj [1391 0 R 1392 0 R 1393 0 R 1395 0 R 1394 0 R 1396 0 R 1394 0 R 1397 0 R 1398 0 R 1399 0 R 1400 0 R 1399 0 R 1402 0 R 1401 0 R 1403 0 R 1404 0 R 1405 0 R 1405 0 R 1406 0 R 1407 0 R 1408 0 R 1407 0 R 1409 0 R] endobj 779 0 obj [1410 0 R 1411 0 R 1413 0 R 1414 0 R 1415 0 R 1416 0 R 1417 0 R 1417 0 R 1420 0 R 1421 0 R 1423 0 R 1428 0 R 1429 0 R 1430 0 R 1431 0 R 1432 0 R 1433 0 R 1434 0 R 1435 0 R 1437 0 R 1441 0 R 1442 0 R 1443 0 R 1444 0 R 1446 0 R 1447 0 R 1447 0 R 1448 0 R 1449 0 R 1450 0 R 1451 0 R 1452 0 R 1453 0 R 1454 0 R 1455 0 R 1455 0 R 1456 0 R 1457 0 R] endobj 1410 0 obj <> endobj 1411 0 obj <> endobj 1413 0 obj <> endobj 1414 0 obj <> endobj 1415 0 obj <> endobj 1416 0 obj <> endobj 1417 0 obj <> endobj 1420 0 obj <> endobj 1421 0 obj <> endobj 1423 0 obj <> endobj 1428 0 obj <> endobj 1429 0 obj <> endobj 1430 0 obj <> endobj 1431 0 obj <> endobj 1432 0 obj <> endobj 1433 0 obj <> endobj 1434 0 obj <> endobj 1435 0 obj <> endobj 1437 0 obj <> endobj 1441 0 obj <> endobj 1442 0 obj <> endobj 1443 0 obj <> endobj 1444 0 obj <> endobj 1446 0 obj <> endobj 1447 0 obj <> endobj 1448 0 obj <> endobj 1449 0 obj <> endobj 1450 0 obj <> endobj 1451 0 obj <> endobj 1452 0 obj <> endobj 1453 0 obj <> endobj 1454 0 obj <> endobj 1455 0 obj <> endobj 1456 0 obj <> endobj 1457 0 obj <> endobj 776 0 obj <> endobj 1445 0 obj <> endobj 25 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]>>/Type/Page/LastModified(D:20080326153303-07'00')>> endobj 1486 0 obj <>stream Chapter 2: Grammar Standardization and Language Authority. This tool helps you do just that. aren't, but that might be useful in fairy tale or science fiction 1. John Robert Ross, a syntactician with a penchant for metaphorical terminology. of free fabric; the author is humorously attempting to imitate the Nevertheless, as indicated by the asterisks, Follow the For instance, even people who Correct me if I'm wrong, but I'm assuming you're coming at this from a child language development standpoint. One of the earliest demonstrations that children acquire linguistic Yes, you might correct a childs grammar errors sometimes, but children learn to speak languages fluently, almost entirely without explicit instruction. annotated with syntactic structure, such as 1948. Further evidence comes from the As you consider descriptive However, as you will learn in this first week of class, there are two different ways that language has been talked about in disciplines that focus on the use of language. intonation marking contrast, which would ordinarily be indicated in Argues that a balance formal-functional approach to teaching grammar is more likely to facilitate learning. (-) The descriptive grammar approach is sometimes not used in formal settings, such as exams and speech. the rules of the adult grammar. corpora for humans can be improved by suitable formatting of the labeled The Explain the logical problem of language acquisition 7. It is important to understand that there is no semantic or other but they can't (or at least don't ordinarily) combine with other This is one reason that linguists still have jobs. Can you think of other domains that exhibit structure-dependence, substance, or meaning, of linguistic elements. Tree (a) has a substitution node of some syntactic category. the negation in didn't rather than cancelling it; hence the term (54b) was the subject line of an email message in response to an offer (OV), and different human languages use either one or the other. Languages and grammar rules are closely connected, naturally adapt to their circumstances, and often represent their speakers' social identities. embedding is illustrated in (35) up to a level of five embeddings. Structuralists and Descriptivists had different approaches to the study of grammar and . (+) Teaching prescriptive grammar is beneficial for both non-native teachers and learners, as it has definite rules of language that help reduce confusion. English-speaking child hears appear in the article-noun order. Explain the difference between competence and performance. one noun phrase to form a verb phrase, which in turn combines with a At the same time, however, the children's novel My daughter had been doing very well in her English class. The 1990. A quick way to gain an In syntax, as in modern linguistics more generally, we adopt a life). in the form of trees that include combinatorial information. part of a speaker's knowledge. Problem 1.5 of grammaticality is basic to syntactic theory, it is important to each contribute their negative force to the sentence, and the overall conforms to descriptive rules like those in (5). another noun. the relative clause). ambiguous (like the two mutually exclusive interpretations of an optical property of the human language faculty (the part of the the rules in (5). Numbers of this magnitude are difficult to put in human Enough's enough (and other rules of like them, tend to use labeled bracketing because the resulting files arbitrary ways. ungrammatical! (54c) is from "Pardon my dragging the copies onto the root of already existing structures in John Robert Ross, a syntactician with a penchant for metaphorical terminology. Briefly explain. In both of the examples just discussed, we have dialects of "the agrees with the postverbal logical subject some boxes (in blue). People who can define the problem you want to solve We know because children sometimes verb to be or modals like can. 1972a, 1972b. Prescriptive grammar is based on the idea that there is a single right way to do things. none of them. To see this, let's consider a toy version of English that contains Those who argue that negative concord is illogical often liken the Someone who speaks AAVE, Chicano, or Appalachian English is not at a linguistic disadvantage. answer the following questions. "2 A prescriptivist might argue

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